ÿþ<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.arshavidyacenter.org/css/style.css" type="text/css" charset="utf-8" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://mediaplayer.yahoo.com/js"></script> </HEAD> <body> <div id="wrapper"> <h1><em>Arsha Vidya Center</em></h1> <div id="nav"> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.arshavidyacenter.org"><span>01</span> AVC Home</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.arshavidyacenter.org/classes.html"><span>02</span> Adult Classes</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.arshavidyacenter.org/purnavidya.html"><span>03</span>Children's Classes </a></li> <li><a href="http://www.arshavidyacenter.org/sanskrit101x.html"><span>04</span> Sanskrit Classes </a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="topcon"> <div id="topcon-inner"> <h1><em>6 , M & > - M / > 8 : </em></h1> </div> </div> <div id="content"> <div id="body"> <div class="box" id="news" style="width: 1000px;"> <div class="box-t"> <div class="box-r"> <div class="box-b"> <div class="box-l"> <div class="box-tr"> <div class="box-br"> <div class="box-bl"> <div class="box-tl"> <font color=yellow><h2>Parts of speech and Study of Nouns, Pronouns and Adjectives </h2></font> This is an introduction to study of words. In the grammar of English language, words are categorised into eight parts of speech: <ol> <li>Nouns ( > . > ( ? </li> <li>Pronouns 8 0 M 5 ( > . > ( ? <li>Adjectives 5 ? 6 G 7 # > ( ? <li>Prepositions  In Sanskrit, function of prepositions is served by declensions of nouns, pronouns and adjectives <li> Verbs  ' > $ 5  <li>Adverbs   M 0 ? / > 5 ? 6 G 7 # > ( ? Most adverbs are indeclinable. They are hence in the broader group of indeclinable words, called as  5 M / / > ( ? <li>Conjunctions  These are also indeclinables, establishing togetherness between two words or phrases 8  / K   > ( ? <li> Interjections  These are also indeclinables, often expressing exclamations & M  > 0 5 >   > ( ? </ol> In Sanskrit, <ol> <li> Nouns, pronouns and adjectives have declensions due to gender 2 ?  M  , case 5 ? -  M $ ? and number 5  ( . 1(a). Nouns have genders. That is a speciality of Sanskrit and all Indian languages. This is so even in German and French. Only in English nouns do not have genders. Genders are three masculine * A 2 M 2 ?  M  . M , feminine 8 M $ M 0 @ 2 ?  M  . M and neuter ( * A  8  2 ?  M  . M . <br> 1(b) Cases are eight. Declensions of the noun & G 5 (God) are given as examples.<br><br> <div style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:left;"> <table id="bqrr" style="font-size:1em;line-height:inherit;border-collapse:collapse;" border="1" bordercolor="yellow" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" align="center"> <tbody> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Case<br /> No.</span></td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">singular</span><br />   5  ( . M </span></td> <td><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-size:small;">dual<br /> </span></span><span style="font-size:small;">& M 5 ? 5  ( . M </span></td> <td><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-size:small;">plural</span></span><br /> <span style="font-size:small;">, 9 A 5  ( . M </span></td> <td><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Significance of the case</span></td> <td><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Related<br /> Preposition(s)</span></td> <td>8 B $ M 0 . M </td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td>1</td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">* M 0 % . > </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& G 5 :</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& G 5 L </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& G 5 >  </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Nominative or subjective case</span></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td>2</td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& M 5 ? $ @ / > </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& G 5 . M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& G 5 L </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& G 5 > ( M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Accusative or objective case</span></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td>3</td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">$ C $ @ / > </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& G 5 G ( </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& G 5 > - M / > . M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& G 5 H  </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Instrumental case</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">by, with</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"> 0 M $ C - 0 # / K  $ C $ @ / > </span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td>4</td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"> $ A 0 M % @ </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& G 5 > / </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& G 5 > - M / > . M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& G 5 G - M /  </span></td> <td><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-size:small;">Dative case</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">for, to (a person)</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">8 . M * M 0 & > ( G  $ A 0 M % @ </span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td>5</td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">*  M  . @ </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& G 5 > $ M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& G 5 > - M / > . M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& G 5 G - M /  </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Ablative case</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">from</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:verdana, sans-serif;"> * > & > ( G *  M  . @ </span></span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td>6</td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">7 7 M @ </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& G 5 8 M / </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& G 5 / K  </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& G 5 > ( > . M </span></td> <td><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-size:small;">Genitive case</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">of</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"> ' ?  > 0 G 7 7 M @ </span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td>7</td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">8 * M $ . @ </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& G 5 G </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& G 5 / K  </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& G 5 G 7 A </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Locative case</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">at, on, upon, above,<br /> below, under</span></span></td> <td><span style="border-collapse:separate;font-family:arial;font-size:14px;line-height:25px;"> ' ?  0 # G 8 * M $ . @ </span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td>8</td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">8 . M , K ' ( . M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">9 G & G 5 </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">9 G & G 5 L </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">9 G & G 5 >  </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">A</span></span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">ddress case</span></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <br> 1 (c). The rule for gender, case and number of adjectives and nouns is<br> / 2 M 2 ?    / & M 5  (  / >  5 ? -  M $ ? 0 M 5 ? 6 G 7 8 M / d <br> $ 2 M 2 ?    $ & M 5  (  8 H 5 5 ? -  M $ ? 0 M 5 ? 6 G 7 # 8 M / > * ? e <br> Meaning is  What gender, what number and what case is of the noun, that gender, that number and that case (is to be) of the adjective also. <br><br> 1 (d). Since pronouns also succeed some noun, the pronouns are also adjectives of sort. Hence same rule as applies for adjectives applies also to pronouns.<br> For example, in the above shloka stating the rule, the conjunctive pronouns  what in the phrase  What gender, what number and what case.. are / 2 M 2 ?    / & M 5  (  / >  5 ? -  M $ ? 0 M . Note, the pronoun is / $ M for 2 ?  M  . M and 5  ( . M because both these nouns are neuter. For 5 ? -  M $ ? 0 M or 5 ? -  M $ ?  the pronoun is / > , because 5 ? -  M $ ?  is feminine. Note also that a noun, which is qualified by an adjective is called as 5 ? 6 G 7 . M And the adjective is called as 5 ? 6 G 7 # . M | Since adjectives have to have same gender as of the noun, adjectives have declensions in all three genders. Declensions in all three genders applies also to pronouns, except the first person and second third pronouns, I, we,  8 M . $ M (& M ) you (singular) and you (plural) / A 7 M . $ M (& M ). Pronouns do not have declensions in address case, the Eighth case 8 . M , K ' ( -5 ? -  M $ ?  <br><br> 1 (e). Numbers are three  singular   5  ( . M , dual & M 5 ? 5  ( . M and plural , 9 A 5  ( . M . This is already clear from the table in 1(b). <br> Concept of Duality in Number is a speciality of Sanskrit. In most languages we have only singular and plural. People often seem to argue the utility of having this kind of declension. But this concept of Duality of number is there. One cannot argue much about it. <br> So, we two =  5 > . M two of you = / A 5 > . M those two (masculine) = $ L those two (feminine or neuter) = $ G <br> <li> Structural patterns are structured based on the ending sound of nouns, pronouns and adjectives. <br><br> 2 (1). Vowel-ending words </font><br><br> <div style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"> <table id="x:oq" style="font-size:1em;line-height:inherit;border-collapse:collapse;" border="1" bordercolor="yellow"cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" align="center"> <tbody> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Ending with vowel</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Masculine</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Feminine</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Neuter</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Pronouns &amp; Adjectives<br /> (in all three genders)</span></span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& G 5 , 0 > . </span></td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">5 (  M  > ( </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">8 0 M 5 <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">pronoun of indefinite number)</span><br />   <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">(numerical adjective)</span></span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">0 . > , . > 2 > </span></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"> 5 ? , 9 0 ? , * $ ? </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">0 A  ? , . $ ? </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">5 > 0 ? </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"> & M 5 ? <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">(numerical adjective, always dual </span>& M 5 ? 5  ( . M )<br /> $ M 0 ? <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"> (numerical adjective, always plural </span>, 9 A 5  ( . M )</span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"> 7 @ </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">( & @ , * $ M ( @ , ' @ </span></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"> A 0 A </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-size:small;">(as teacher), </span><span style="font-family:verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:small;">- > ( A </span></span> </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">' G ( A </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">. ' A </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">2  A ,  A 0 A </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span style="font-size:small;">(as large or heavy) (adjectives)</span></span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"> . B </span></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">* ? $ C , - M 0 > $ C , ( C </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">. > $ C , 8 M 5 8 C </span></td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"> 0 M $ C <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">(adjective)</span></span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">0 H </span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"> K </span></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"> L </span></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div><br><br> 2 (2) Consonant-ending words <br><br> <div style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-align:center;"> <table id="mrfx" style="font-size:1em;line-height:inherit;border-collapse:collapse;" border="1" bordercolor="yellow" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" align="center"> <tbody> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">Ending with</span></span></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">masculine</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">feminine</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">neuter</span></span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">adjectives or pronouns (in all three genders)</span></span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;"> M </span></td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">5 >  M , & ?  M ,  M </span></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;"> M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">* / K . A  M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">5 >  M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"> &  M </span></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;"> M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"> - ? 7  M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">8 M 0  M </span></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;">  M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"> 0 >  M </span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;">$ M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">. 0 A $ M </span></td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">  $ M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">/ $ M , $ $ M <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">(pronouns)</span><br /> . 9 $ M , -  5 $ M , , A & M ' ? . $ M <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">(adjectives)</span><br />   $ M <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">(as gerund, meaning living)</span></span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;">& M </span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"> 8 M . & M / A 7 M . & M <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">(though pronouns, declensions are<br /> common in all genders)</span></span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;">( M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">6 M 5 ( M , / A 5 ( M , .  5 ( M ,  $ M . ( M </span></td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">( > . ( M , , M 0 . M 9 ( M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">/ 6 8 M 5 ? ( M </span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;">* M </span></td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"> * M </span></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;">. M </span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"> ? . M ,  & . M </span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;">0 M </span></td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"> @ 0 M , & M 5 > 0 M </span></td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"> $ A 0 M <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">(numerical adjective, only plural)</span></span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;">6 M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">5 ? 6 M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& ? 6 M </span></td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">$ > & C 6 M </span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;">7 M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">& K 7 M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">$ M 5 ? 7 M & M 5 ? 7 M </span></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;">8 M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">5 G ' 8 M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"> 6 ? 8 M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">5  8 M , . ( 8 M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"> & 8 M <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"> (pronoun)</span><br /> 6 M 0 G / 8 M , 5 ? & M 5 8 M , 8 A . ( 8 M <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">(adjectives)</span></span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:small;">9 M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">. 9 @ 0 A 9 M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;"> * > ( 9 M </span></td> <td><span style="font-size:small;">' ( A 9 M </span></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div><br><br> <h2>Prefixes * 8 0 M  </h2> In books on Sanskrit grammar, one finds a wholesome list of as many as 25 prefixes - <br>  ,  $ ? ,  ' ? ,  ( M ,  ( A ,  * ,  - ? ,  5 ,  , $ M , * , & A  , & A 0 M , & A 8 M , ( ? , ( ? : (( ? 0 M , ( ? 8 M ) * 0 > , * 0 ? , * M 0 , * M 0 $ ? , 5 ? , 8 . M and 8 A , & A  , & A 8 M , & A 0 M are actually different forms of one and the same prefix, to be used appropriately in different contexts, e.g. & A   , & A 7 M  and & A 0 M  ( . These words would not be & A 0 M  or & A 7 M  ( . That does not sound proper for the ears also. Similar logic applies also for ( ? :, ( ? 0 M and ( ? 8 M e.g. ( ? 0 >  > 0 and ( ? 8 M $ G  , ( ? 7 M  0 M . . <br><br> There is a good verse, which explains how one gets different words of different meanings by using different prefixes<br> * 8 0 M  G # ' > $ M 5 0 M % K , 2 > & ( M / $ M 0 ( @ / $ G d <br> * M 0 9 > 0 > 9 > 0 8  9 > 0 5 ? 9 > 0 * 0 ? 9 > 0 5 $ M d d <br> This means,  Prefixes lead to a totally different meaning, different from the meaning of the root verb or noun. This is exemplified by the words * M 0 9 > 0 ,  9 > 0 , 8  9 > 0 , 5 ? 9 > 0 , * 0 ? 9 > 0 . The root verb in all these is  9 C  = to take out or to take away. One would get the noun 9 > 0 from 9 C as also * M 0 + 9 > 0 etc. by using different prefixes. <br> Prefixes have meanings of their own. They are prefixed to get the desired meaning, as has been said above. <br> The prefixes  and  ( M give a negative meaning to the meaning of the original word, e.g. 8 $ M / - 8 $ M / ,  0 M % - ( 0 M % A good example of the prefix  is seen in the famous prayer -<br>  8 $ K . > 8 & M  . / d <br> $ . 8 K . >  M / K $ ? 0 M  . / d <br> . C $ M / K 0 M . > = . C $   . / d <br> Many prefixes can be understood as pairs making antonyms of each other. For example, <br><ul> <li> with 8 A and & A  , we have 8 A  (pleasure or happiness) and & A   (sorrow). <li> Likewise from  and ( ? : (( ? 0 M , ( ? 8 M ) we have   . (come in) and ( ? 0 M  . (go out). <li> From  - ? and  5 we have . > ( (honour)  - ? . > ( (pride),  5 . > ( (disrespect, dishonour). <li> With  and  * , we have   0 M 7 # (attraction) and  *  0 M 7 # (repulsion).</ul> <br> The prefix 5 ? is interesting, since it lends two different meanings one of speciality and another of opposition, e.g. <ul> <li>  M  > ( (knowledge) 5 ?  M  > ( (specific knowledge, science) <li> / K  (joining, combining, tuning up with) 5 ? / K  (separation). <br> Verbs and nouns are hardly ever used in their root form. Words to be used in sentences are formed by declining the root forms, applying different suffixes. Unlike prefixes being about 25, suffixes are too many to give a count. Words formed after applying suffixes are called as * & . M (singular) * & > ( ? (plural). </ul> <h2>Suffixes * M 0 $ M / / </h2> <br> Suffixes affixed to nouns, pronouns and adjectives are called as 8 A , ( M $ . <br> Suffixes are also used to form nouns or adjectives from verbs and nouns. <br> Suffixes which do the function of prepositions make new independent words * & > ( ? . <br> From verbal roots one gets abstract nouns by applying different  C & ( M $ suffixes. For example, from   C  (to do) we have  C $ ? ,  > 0 M / ,  0 M $ 5 M /  0 # @ / Here we have  C & ( M $ suffixes $ ? and / , $ 5 M /  ( @ / . <br> There are also $ & M ' ? $ suffixes, which obtain abstract nouns also from adjectives, e.g. from  8 A ( M & 0  (beautiful) 8 L ( M & 0 M / , 8 A ( M & 0 $ > (beauty). <br> There are also 8 M $ M 0 @ * M 0 $ M / / feminish suffixes, which make feminine nouns from masculine nouns, e.g.  $ M .  > from   $ M .   by using the suffix  and $ * 8 M 5 ? ( @ from $ * 8 M 5 ? ( M ($ * 8 M 5 @ ) by the suffix  . <br> Suffixes  $ M and  ( M help make active participles of present tense from verbs. Participles are basically adjectival. In Sanskrit they are called as adjectives derived from verbs ' > $ A 8 > ' ? $ 5 ? 6 G 7 # > ( ? . A whole lot of active participles of present tense  0 M $ 0 @ 5 0 M $ . > (  > 2 5 >   ' > $ A 8 > ' ? $ 5 ? 6 G 7 # > ( ? are quoted in two verses #8 and #9 in Chapter 5 in -  5 & M  @ $ > <br> ( H 5  ?  M  ? $ M  0 K . @ $ ? / A  M $ K . ( M / G $ $ $ M $ M 5 5 ? $ M | * 6 M /  M 6 C # M 5 ( M 8 M * C 6  M  ?  M 0 ( M  6 M ( ( M   M  ( M 8 M 5 *  M 6 M 5 8 ( M ||k -n ||<br> * M 0 2 * ( M 5 ? 8 C  ( M  C 9 M # ( M ( M . ? 7 ( M ( ? . ? 7 ( M ( * ? |  ( M & M 0 ? / > # @ ( M & M 0 ? / > 0 M % G 7 A 5 0 M $ ( M $  $ ? ' > 0 / ( M ||k -o || <br><br> Past passive participles are also adjectival and in Sanskrit are called  0 M . # ? - B $  > 2 5 >   ' > $ A 8 > ' ? $ 5 ? 6 G 7 # > ( ? . <br> When speaking of nouns, pronouns and adjectives, we should also take note of numbers, numerals and number-adjectives  cardinal and ordinal </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clear"> </div> </div> <div id="footer"> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.arshavidyacenter.org/ghsx.html">Gita Home Study </a> | </li> <li><a href="http://www.arshavidyacenter.org/booksx.html">Books, Tapes & Links </a>|</li> <li><a href="http://www.arshavidyacenter.org/pictx.html">Picture Gallery </a>|</li> <li><a href="http://www.avgsatsang.org/"> AVG Satsang</a>|</li> <li><a href="http://www.arshavidyacenter.org/puja.html"> Meditation & Prayers </a> | </li> <li><a href="http://www.arshavidyacenter.org/ssx.html">Support AVC</a> | </li> <li><a href="http://www.arshavidyacenter.org/contactx.html"> Contact Information</a> </li> </ul> <p>&copy; Arsha Vidya Center</p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>